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2010年4月24日 星期六

A Passion in the Desert

by Honore de Balzac


"The whole show is dreadful," she cried coming out of the menagerie of M. Martin. She had just been looking at that daring speculator "working with his hyena,"--to speak in the style of the programme.
"By what means," she continued, "can he have tamed these animals to such a point as to be certain of their affection for----"
"What seems to you a problem," said I, interrupting, "is really quite natural."
"Oh!" she cried, letting an incredulous smile wander over her lips.
"You think that beasts are wholly without passions?" I asked her. "Quite the reverse; we can communicate to them all the vices arising in our own state of civilization."
She looked at me with an air of astonishment.
"But," I continued, "the first time I saw M. Martin, I admit, like you, I did give vent to an exclamation of surprise. I found myself next to an old soldier with the right leg amputated, who had come in with me. His face had struck me. He had one of those heroic heads, stamped with the seal of warfare, and on which the battles of Napoleon are written. Besides, he had that frank, good-humored expression which always impresses me favorably. He was without doubt one of those troopers who are surprised at nothing, who find matter for laughter in the contortions of a dying comrade, who bury or plunder him quite light-heartedly, who stand intrepidly in the way of bullets;--in fact, one of those men who waste no time in deliberation, and would not hesitate to make friends with the devil himself. After looking very attentively at the proprietor of the menagerie getting out of his box, my companion pursed up his lips with an air of mockery and contempt, with that peculiar and expressive twist which superior people assume to show they are not taken in. Then, when I was expatiating on the courage of M. Martin, he smiled, shook his head knowingly, and said, 'Well known.'
" 'How "well known"?' I said. 'If you would only explain me the mystery, I should be vastly obliged.'
"After a few minutes, during which we made acquaintance, we went to dine at the first restauranteur's whose shop caught our eye. At dessert a bottle of champagne completely refreshed and brightened up the memories of this odd old soldier. He told me his story, and I saw that he was right when he exclaimed, 'Well known.' "
When she got home, she teased me to that extent, was so charming, and made so many promises, that I consented to communicate to her the confidences of the old soldier. Next day she received the following episode of an epic which one might call "The French in Egypt."
During the expedition in Upper Egypt under General Desaix, a Provencal soldier fell into the hands of the Maugrabins, and was taken by these Arabs into the deserts beyond the falls of the Nile.
In order to place a sufficient distance between themselves and the French army, the Maugrabins made forced marches, and only halted when night was upon them. They camped round a well overshadowed by palm trees under which they had previously concealed a store of provisions. Not surmising that the notion of flight would occur to their prisoner, they contented themselves with binding his hands, and after eating a few dates, and giving provender to their horses, went to sleep.
When the brave Provencal saw that his enemies were no longer watching him, he made use of his teeth to steal a scimiter, fixed the blade between his knees, and cut the cords which prevented him from using his hands; in a moment he was free. He at once seized a rifle and a dagger, then taking the precautions to provide himself with a sack of dried dates, oats, and powder and shot, and to fasten a scimiter to his waist, he leaped on to a horse, and spurred on vigorously in the direction where he thought to find the French army. So impatient was he to see a bivouac again that he pressed on the already tired courser at such speed, that its flanks were lacerated with his spurs, and at last the poor animal died, leaving the Frenchman alone in the desert. After walking some time in the sand with all the courage of an escaped convict, the soldier was obliged to stop, as the day had already ended. In spite of the beauty of an Oriental sky at night, he felt he had not strength enough to go on. Fortunately he had been able to find a small hill, on the summit of which a few palm trees shot up into the air; it was their verdure seen from afar which had brought hope and consolation to his heart. His fatigue was so great that he lay down upon a rock of granite, capriciously cut out like a camp-bed; there he fell asleep without taking any precaution to defend himself while he slept. He had made the sacrifice of his life. His last thought was one of regret. He repented having left the Maugrabins, whose nomadic life seemed to smile upon him now that he was far from them and without help. He was awakened by the sun, whose pitiless rays fell with all their force on the granite and produced an intolerable heat--for he had had the stupidity to place himself adversely to the shadow thrown by the verdant majestic heads of the palm trees.
He looked at the solitary trees and shuddered--they reminded him of the graceful shafts crowned with foliage which characterize the Saracen columns in the cathedral of Arles.
But when, after counting the palm trees, he cast his eyes around him, the most horrible despair was infused into his soul. Before him stretched an ocean without limit. The dark sand of the desert spread further than eye could reach in every direction, and glittered like steel struck with bright light. It might have been a sea of looking- glass, or lakes melted together in a mirror. A fiery vapor carried up in surging waves made a perpetual whirlwind over the quivering land. The sky was lit with an Oriental splendor of insupportable purity, leaving naught for the imagination to desire. Heaven and earth were on fire.
The silence was awful in its wild and terrible majesty. Infinity, immensity, closed in upon the soul from every side. Not a cloud in the sky, not a breath in the air, not a flaw on the bosom of the sand, ever moving in diminutive waves; the horizon ended as at sea on a clear day, with one line of light, definite as the cut of a sword.
The Provencal threw his arms round the trunk of one of the palm trees, as though it were the body of a friend, and then, in the shelter of the thin, straight shadow that the palm cast upon the granite, he wept. Then sitting down he remained as he was, contemplating with profound sadness the implacable scene, which was all he had to look upon. He cried aloud, to measure the solitude. His voice, lost in the hollows of the hill, sounded faintly, and aroused no echo--the echo was in his own heart. The Provencal was twenty-two years old:--he loaded his carbine.
"There'll be time enough," he said to himself, laying on the ground the weapon which alone could bring him deliverance.
Viewing alternately the dark expanse of the desert and the blue expanse of the sky, the soldier dreamed of France--he smelled with delight the gutters of Paris--he remembered the towns through which he had passed, the faces of his comrades, the most minute details of his life. His Southern fancy soon showed him the stones of his beloved Provence, in the play of the heat which undulated above the wide expanse of the desert. Realizing the danger of this cruel mirage, he went down the opposite side of the hill to that by which he had come up the day before. The remains of a rug showed that this place of refuge had at one time been inhabited; at a short distance he saw some palm trees full of dates. Then the instinct which binds us to life awoke again in his heart. He hoped to live long enough to await the passing of some Maugrabins, or perhaps he might hear the sound of cannon; for at this time Bonaparte was traversing Egypt.
This thought gave him new life. The palm tree seemed to bend with the weight of the ripe fruit. He shook some of it down. When he tasted this unhoped-for manna, he felt sure that the palms had been cultivated by a former inhabitant--the savory, fresh meat of the dates were proof of the care of his predecessor. He passed suddenly from dark despair to an almost insane joy. He went up again to the top of the hill, and spent the rest of the day in cutting down one of the sterile palm trees, which the night before had served him for shelter. A vague memory made him think of the animals of the desert; and in case they might come to drink at the spring, visible from the base of the rocks but lost further down, he resolved to guard himself from their visits by placing a barrier at the entrance of his hermitage.
In spite of his diligence, and the strength which the fear of being devoured asleep gave him, he was unable to cut the palm in pieces, though he succeeded in cutting it down. At eventide the king of the desert fell; the sound of its fall resounded far and wide, like a sigh in the solitude; the soldier shuddered as though he had heard some voice predicting woe.
But like an heir who does not long bewail a deceased relative, he tore off from this beautiful tree the tall broad green leaves which are its poetic adornment, and used them to mend the mat on which he was to sleep.
Fatigued by the heat and his work, he fell asleep under the red curtains of his wet cave.
In the middle of the night his sleep was troubled by an extraordinary noise; he sat up, and the deep silence around allowed him to distinguish the alternative accents of a respiration whose savage energy could not belong to a human creature.
A profound terror, increased still further by the darkness, the silence, and his waking images, froze his heart within him. He almost felt his hair stand on end, when by straining his eyes to their utmost he perceived through the shadow two faint yellow lights. At first he attributed these lights to the reflections of his own pupils, but soon the vivid brilliance of the night aided him gradually to distinguish the objects around him in the cave, and he beheld a huge animal lying but two steps from him. Was it a lion, a tiger, or a crocodile?
The Provencal was not sufficiently educated to know under what species his enemy ought to be classed; but his fright was all the greater, as his ignorance led him to imagine all terrors at once; he endured a cruel torture, noting every variation of the breathing close to him without daring to make the slightest movement.
An odor, pungent like that of a fox, but more penetrating, more profound,--so to speak,-- filled the cave, and when the Provencal became sensible of this, his terror reached its height, for he could no longer doubt the proximity of a terrible companion, whose royal dwelling served him for a shelter.
Presently the reflection of the moon descending on the horizon lit up the den, rendering gradually visible and resplendent the spotted skin of a panther.
This lion of Egypt slept, curled up like a big dog, the peaceful possessor of a sumptuous niche at the gate of an hotel; its eyes opened for a moment and closed again; its face was turned towards the man. A thousand confused thoughts passed through the Frenchman's mind; first he thought of killing it with a bullet from his gun, but he saw there was not enough distance between them for him to take proper aim --the shot would miss the mark. And if it were to wake!--the thought made his limbs rigid. He listened to his own heart beating in the midst of the silence, and cursed the too violent pulsations which the flow of blood brought on, fearing to disturb that sleep which allowed him time to think of some means of escape.
Twice he placed his hand on his scimiter, intending to cut off the head of his enemy; but the difficulty of cutting the stiff short hair compelled him to abandon this daring project. To miss would be to die for CERTAIN, he thought; he preferred the chances of fair fight, and made up his mind to wait till morning; the morning did not leave him long to wait.
He could now examine the panther at ease; its muzzle was smeared with blood.
"She's had a good dinner," he thought, without troubling himself as to whether her feast might have been on human flesh. "She won't be hungry when she gets up."
It was a female. The fur on her belly and flanks was glistening white; many small marks like velvet formed beautiful bracelets round her feet; her sinuous tail was also white, ending with black rings; the overpart of her dress, yellow like burnished gold, very lissome and soft, had the characteristic blotches in the form of rosettes, which distinguish the panther from every other feline species.
This tranquil and formidable hostess snored in an attitude as graceful as that of a cat lying on a cushion. Her blood-stained paws, nervous and well armed, were stretched out before her face, which rested upon them, and from which radiated her straight slender whiskers, like threads of silver.
If she had been like that in a cage, the Provencal would doubtless have admired the grace of the animal, and the vigorous contrasts of vivid color which gave her robe an imperial splendor; but just then his sight was troubled by her sinister appearance.
The presence of the panther, even asleep, could not fail to produce the effect which the magnetic eyes of the serpent are said to have on the nightingale.
For a moment the courage of the soldier began to fail before this danger, though no doubt it would have risen at the mouth of a cannon charged with shell. Nevertheless, a bold thought brought daylight to his soul and sealed up the source of the cold sweat which sprang forth on his brow. Like men driven to bay, who defy death and offer their body to the smiter, so he, seeing in this merely a tragic episode, resolved to play his part with honor to the last.
"The day before yesterday the Arabs would have killed me, perhaps," he said; so considering himself as good as dead already, he waited bravely, with excited curiosity, the awakening of his enemy.
When the sun appeared, the panther suddenly opened her eyes; then she put out her paws with energy, as if to stretch them and get rid of cramp. At last she yawned, showing the formidable apparatus of her teeth and pointed tongue, rough as a file.
"A regular petite maitresse," thought the Frenchman, seeing her roll herself about so softly and coquettishly. She licked off the blood which stained her paws and muzzle, and scratched her head with reiterated gestures full of prettiness. "All right, make a little toilet," the Frenchman said to himself, beginning to recover his gaiety with his courage; "we'll say good morning to each other presently;" and he seized the small, short dagger which he had taken from the Maugrabins.
At this moment the panther turned her head toward the man and looked at him fixedly without moving. The rigidity of her metallic eyes and their insupportable luster made him shudder, especially when the animal walked towards him. But he looked at her caressingly, staring into her eyes in order to magnetize her, and let her come quite close to him; then with a movement both gentle and amorous, as though he were caressing the most beautiful of women, he passed his hand over her whole body, from the head to the tail, scratching the flexible vertebrae which divided the panther's yellow back. The animal waved her tail voluptuously, and her eyes grew gentle; and when for the third time the Frenchman accomplished this interesting flattery, she gave forth one of those purrings by which cats express their pleasure; but this murmur issued from a throat so powerful and so deep that it resounded through the cave like the last vibrations of an organ in a church.
The man, understanding the importance of his caresses, redoubled them in such a way as to surprise and stupefy his imperious courtesan. When he felt sure of having extinguished the ferocity of his capricious companion, whose hunger had so fortunately been satisfied the day before, he got up to go out of the cave; the panther let him go out, but when he had reached the summit of the hill she sprang with the lightness of a sparrow hopping from twig to twig, and rubbed herself against his legs, putting up her back after the manner of all the race of cats. Then regarding her guest with eyes whose glare had softened a little, she gave vent to that wild cry which naturalists compare to the grating of a saw.
"She is exacting," said the Frenchman, smilingly.
He was bold enough to play with her ears; he caressed her belly and scratched her head as hard as he could. When he saw that he was successful, he tickled her skull with the point of his dagger, watching for the right moment to kill her, but the hardness of her bones made him tremble for his success.
The sultana of the desert showed herself gracious to her slave; she lifted her head, stretched out her neck and manifested her delight by the tranquility of her attitude. It suddenly occurred to the soldier that to kill this savage princess with one blow he must poniard her in the throat.
He raised the blade, when the panther, satisfied no doubt, laid herself gracefully at his feet, and cast up at him glances in which, in spite of their natural fierceness, was mingled confusedly a kind of good will. The poor Provencal ate his dates, leaning against one of the palm trees, and casting his eyes alternately on the desert in quest of some liberator and on his terrible companion to watch her uncertain clemency.
The panther looked at the place where the date stones fell, and every time that he threw one down her eyes expressed an incredible mistrust.
She examined the man with an almost commercial prudence. However, this examination was favorable to him, for when he had finished his meager meal she licked his boots with her powerful rough tongue, brushing off with marvelous skill the dust gathered in the creases.
"Ah, but when she's really hungry!" thought the Frenchman. In spite of the shudder this thought caused him, the soldier began to measure curiously the proportions of the panther, certainly one of the most splendid specimens of its race. She was three feet high and four feet long without counting her tail; this powerful weapon, rounded like a cudgel, was nearly three feet long. The head, large as that of a lioness, was distinguished by a rare expression of refinement. The cold cruelty of a tiger was dominant, it was true, but there was also a vague resemblance to the face of a sensual woman. Indeed, the face of this solitary queen had something of the gaiety of a drunken Nero: she had satiated herself with blood, and she wanted to play.
The soldier tried if he might walk up and down, and the panther left him free, contenting herself with following him with her eyes, less like a faithful dog than a big Angora cat, observing everything and every movement of her master.
When he looked around, he saw, by the spring, the remains of his horse; the panther had dragged the carcass all that way; about two thirds of it had been devoured already. The sight reassured him.
It was easy to explain the panther's absence, and the respect she had had for him while he slept. The first piece of good luck emboldened him to tempt the future, and he conceived the wild hope of continuing on good terms with the panther during the entire day, neglecting no means of taming her, and remaining in her good graces.
He returned to her, and had the unspeakable joy of seeing her wag her tail with an almost imperceptible movement at his approach. He sat down then, without fear, by her side, and they began to play together; he took her paws and muzzle, pulled her ears, rolled her over on her back, stroked her warm, delicate flanks. She let him do what ever he liked, and when he began to stroke the hair on her feet she drew her claws in carefully.
The man, keeping the dagger in one hand, thought to plunge it into the belly of the too confiding panther, but he was afraid that he would be immediately strangled in her last convulsive struggle; besides, he felt in his heart a sort of remorse which bid him respect a creature that had done him no harm. He seemed to have found a friend, in a boundless desert; half unconsciously he thought of his first sweetheart, whom he had nicknamed "Mignonne" by way of contrast, because she was so atrociously jealous that all the time of their love he was in fear of the knife with which she had always threatened him.
This memory of his early days suggested to him the idea of making the young panther answer to this name, now that he began to admire with less terror her swiftness, suppleness, and softness. Toward the end of the day he had familiarized himself with his perilous position; he now almost liked the painfulness of it.
At last his companion had got into the habit of looking up at him whenever he cried in a falsetto voice, "Mignonne."
At the setting of the sun Mignonne gave, several times running, a profound melancholy cry. "She's been well brought up," said the lighthearted soldier; "she says her prayers." But this mental joke only occurred to him when he noticed what a pacific attitude his companion remained in. "Come, ma petite blonde, I'll let you go to bed first," he said to her, counting on the activity of his own legs to run away as quickly as possible, directly she was asleep, and seek another shelter for the night.
The soldier waited with impatience the hour of his flight, and when it had arrived he walked vigorously in the direction of the Nile; but hardly had he made a quarter of a league in the sand when he heard the panther bounding after him, crying with that saw-like cry more dreadful even than the sound of her leaping.
"Ah!" he said, "then she's taken a fancy to me, she has never met anyone before, and it is really quite flattering to have her first love." That instant the man fell into one of those movable quicksands so terrible to travelers and from which it is impossible to save oneself. Feeling himself caught, he gave a shriek of alarm; the panther seized him with her teeth by the collar, and, springing vigorously backwards, drew him as if by magic out of the whirling sand.
"Ah, Mignonne!" cried the soldier, caressing her enthusiastically; "we're bound together for life and death but no jokes, mind!" and he retraced his steps.
From that time the desert seemed inhabited. It contained a being to whom the man could talk, and whose ferocity was rendered gentle by him, though he could not explain to himself the reason for their strange friendship. Great as was the soldier's desire to stay upon guard, he slept.
On awakening he could not find Mignonne; he mounted the hill, and in the distance saw her springing toward him after the habit of these animals, who cannot run on account of the extreme flexibility of the vertebral column. Mignonne arrived, her jaws covered with blood; she received the wonted caress of her companion, showing with much purring how happy it made her. Her eyes, full of languor, turned still more gently than the day before toward the Provencal, who talked to her as one would to a tame animal.
"Ah! mademoiselle, you are a nice girl, aren't you? Just look at that! So we like to be made much of, don't we? Aren't you ashamed of yourself? So you have been eating some Arab or other, have you? That doesn't matter. They're animals just the same as you are; but don't you take to eating Frenchmen, or I shan't like you any longer."
She played like a dog with its master, letting herself be rolled over, knocked about, and stroked, alternately; sometimes she herself would provoke the soldier, putting up her paw with a soliciting gesture.
Some days passed in this manner. This companionship permitted the Provencal to appreciate the sublime beauty of the desert; now that he had a living thing to think about, alternations of fear and quiet, and plenty to eat, his mind became filled with contrast and his life began to be diversified.
Solitude revealed to him all her secrets, and enveloped him in her delights. He discovered in the rising and setting of the sun sights unknown to the world. He knew what it was to tremble when he heard over his head the hiss of a bird's wing, so rarely did they pass, or when he saw the clouds, changing and many colored travelers, melt one into another. He studied in the night time the effect of the moon upon the ocean of sand, where the simoom made waves swift of movement and rapid in their change. He lived the life of the Eastern day, marveling at its wonderful pomp; then, after having reveled in the sight of a hurricane over the plain where the whirling sands made red, dry mists and death-bearing clouds, he would welcome the night with joy, for then fell the healthful freshness of the stars, and he listened to imaginary music in the skies. Then solitude taught him to unroll the treasures of dreams. He passed whole hours in remembering mere nothings, and comparing his present life with his past.
At last he grew passionately fond of the panther; for some sort of affection was a necessity.
Whether it was that his will powerfully projected had modified the character of his companion, or whether, because she found abundant food in her predatory excursions in the desert, she respected the man's life, he began to fear for it no longer, seeing her so well tamed.
He devoted the greater part of his time to sleep, but he was obliged to watch like a spider in its web that the moment of his deliverance might not escape him, if anyone should pass the line marked by the horizon. He had sacrificed his shirt to make a flag with, which he hung at the top of a palm tree, whose foliage he had torn off. Taught by necessity, he found the means of keeping it spread out, by fastening it with little sticks; for the wind might not be blowing at the moment when the passing traveler was looking through the desert.
It was during the long hours, when he had abandoned hope, that he amused himself with the panther. He had come to learn the different inflections of her voice, the expressions of her eyes; he had studied the capricious patterns of all the rosettes which marked the gold of her robe. Mignonne was not even angry when he took hold of the tuft at the end of her tail to count her rings, those graceful ornaments which glittered in the sun like jewelry. It gave him pleasure to contemplate the supple, fine outlines of her form, the whiteness of her belly, the graceful pose of her head. But it was especially when she was playing that he felt most pleasure in looking at her; the agility and youthful lightness of her movements were a continual surprise to him; he wondered at the supple way in which she jumped and climbed, washed herself and arranged her fur, crouched down and prepared to spring. However rapid her spring might be, however slippery the stone she was on, she would always stop short at the word "Mignonne."
One day, in a bright midday sun, an enormous bird coursed through the air. The man left his panther to look at his new guest; but after waiting a moment the deserted sultana growled deeply.
"My goodness! I do believe she's jealous," he cried, seeing her eyes become hard again; "the soul of Virginie has passed into her body; that's certain."
The eagle disappeared into the air, while the soldier admired the curved contour of the panther.
But there was such youth and grace in her form! she was beautiful as a woman! the blond fur of her robe mingled well with the delicate tints of faint white which marked her flanks.
The profuse light cast down by the sun made this living gold, these russet markings, to burn in a way to give them an indefinable attraction.
The man and the panther looked at one another with a look full of meaning; the coquette quivered when she felt her friend stroke her head; her eyes flashed like lightning--then she shut them tightly.
"She has a soul," he said, looking at the stillness of this queen of the sands, golden like them, white like them, solitary and burning like them.
"Well," she said, "I have read your plea in favor of beasts; but how did two so well adapted to understand each other end?"
"Ah, well! you see, they ended as all great passions do end--by a misunderstanding. For some reason ONE suspects the other of treason; they don't come to an explanation through pride, and quarrel and part from sheer obstinacy."
"Yet sometimes at the best moments a single word or a look is enough-- but anyhow go on with your story."
"It's horribly difficult, but you will understand, after what the old villain told me over his champagne. He said--'I don't know if I hurt her, but she turned round, as if enraged, and with her sharp teeth caught hold of my leg--gently, I daresay; but I, thinking she would devour me, plunged my dagger into her throat. She rolled over, giving a cry that froze my heart; and I saw her dying, still looking at me without anger. I would have given all the world--my cross even, which I had not got then--to have brought her to life again. It was as though I had murdered a real person; and the soldiers who had seen my flag, and were come to my assistance, found me in tears.'
" 'Well sir,' he said, after a moment of silence, 'since then I have been in war in Germany, in Spain, in Russia, in France; I've certainly carried my carcase about a good deal, but never have I seen anything like the desert. Ah! yes, it is very beautiful!'
" 'What did you feel there?' I asked him.
"'Oh! that can't be described, young man! Besides, I am not always regretting my palm trees and my panther. I should have to be very melancholy for that. In the desert, you see, there is everything and nothing.'
" 'Yes, but explain----'
" 'Well,' he said, with an impatient gesture, 'it is God without mankind.' "

Honor de Balzac 巴爾札克


一、生涯
  有個奇怪的男人。他的名字叫做巴爾札克(Honor de Balzac),綽號「歡樂野豬」。一七九九年,在離巴黎五十里西南的托雷奴(Touraine)州之托爾(Tours)小鎮出生。
  姑且慢慢道來,他名字Honor( de Balzac中的de是貴族的稱號,是任意加上去的。因為他是市民階級出身,所以稍微愛慕虛榮而且低級趣味。
  稍微說明一下「歡樂野豬」綽號的由來。他經常笨拙地穿著流行的衣服,配條黃色的領帶,私人雇用馬車遊行,擺架子與當代的顯貴士紳並肩坐在一流劇場的特別席,動作奇怪地說話或哼著歌曲,或戳別人的肚子,舉止打諢逗趣。在沙龍裡,他扯開嗓子吵鬧、或踩別人的腳或撞倒人群走進來。
  不過,這一切的舉止並非因為他為人傲慢無理,而是不拘小節的緣故。事實上,他為人很和善,簡直像個小孩。因為是善良的小孩,所以一點也不會傲慢無理或頑固等。就像是歡樂自娛的小學生,一逮到機會就起哄,加上一點小小遊戲,就能打從心底歡樂,是個天真浪漫的人。
  他的風貌是「巨大的鼻子、渾厚肉感十足的唇、雙下巴、亂蓬蓬的頭髮、姿勢難看、土味十足、像牡牛般肥胖、身體結實、全身尺寸都很大的男人。」
  坦白說,根本就是個醜男。
  接著來作身家調查。
  據說父親貝爾納爾(Bernard)是個農民出身的老官吏型。有個強壯的身體,是個徹底的樂天派,為人爽朗饒舌、粗暴、愛吹牛傲慢、愛幻想、偏執,不過對人很親切。
  母親夏爾羅特(Charlotte)是個道地的巴黎女人,個子嬌小窈窕、帶神經質、刻苦耐勞、難以侍候、充滿熱情、實際的辦事者、非常有耐心。
  如此爽朗浪漫的父親與嚴厲寫實派的母親,他們的夫妻生活在性格上非常矛盾與不協調,承襲其血液的就是偉大的巴爾札克。
  巴爾札克七歲時進入班德姆(Vendome)學校。由於讀書過度的結果,導致神經衰弱,甚至好幾天不省人事,徬徨無助,因此退學。依據當時的記錄:「麻臉但不影響容貌、血氣方剛、容易興奮、中暑時容易發燒。」
  一八一四年,由於父親貝爾納爾被任命為第一師團糧秣部長,於是一家人移居巴黎。
  來到巴黎,巴爾札克受父令要研究法律。早上在索魯本(Sorbonne)大學聽威爾曼(Villemain)、古索(Guizot)、顧桑(Cousin)上課,下午就去聆聽法科的課程,課程結束後就在律師事務所鑽研實務。
  此時他學會跳舞,自從在舞會轉一圈摔一跤被取笑以來,他只在場旁觀就心滿意足。
  二十一歲畢業時,由於立志從事文學而與父親發生爭執。最後父親同意給他兩年的考驗期間。那時候,家人搬到位於巴黎梅茲街道最初的驛站——名叫威爾巴利吉的小鎮。只有巴爾札克獨自一人留在巴黎,住在閣樓,與孤獨及貧窮苦鬥。雖然謳心瀝血寫出悲劇《克倫威爾》,卻連自己都認為是拙劣的作品,近親們也評價非常不好,甚至受他拜託要給些評語的教師都說:「你要作什麼都行,只有文學不要從事。」
  儘管被宣佈是個無才能者,巴爾札克始終念念不忘文學,因此雙親也對他死心了。過了考驗期間,他兩袖清風回到威爾巴利吉鎮。
  他就在那裡與貝爾妮夫人相識。
  貝爾妮夫人的父親是德國人,母親是瑪莉亞‧安東瓦內特(Marie Antoinette)王妃的侍女,法王與王妃為她取名,她是個熱情的女人。
  那時巴爾札克是個二十四歲的青年。據說貝爾妮夫人雖已年屆四十四歲,卻能完全保住美麗的容貌。他們兩人的愛情稍微混入母子愛。夫人是唯一真正愛巴爾札克的女人。
  名作《谷間的百合》是在與夫人對話中完成的。
  巴爾札克在妹妹與貝爾妮夫人的激勵與庇護下,再進行了十年的文學修習。某天考慮到為了日後能寫出曠世傑作,無論如何都必須生活安定,於是著手出版業。雖然計畫出版十七世紀文學的縮印本,一年卻只賣出二十部,真是一敗塗地。由於不敢再嘗試,開始設立印刷廠,結果失敗到極點。兩年間就背負了十萬法郎的借款。後來光是借款孳息,在四十歲時已變成十七法郎,終其一生為此苛責不已。幸虧因為這樣,才能親身接觸到高利貸、金融資本家、法院、法警等近代資本主義的機構。
  現在來說明一下巴爾札克因此遁入文學世界的情形。
  巴爾札克的幼年時代是世界史上最充滿幻想的時代。亦即,拿破崙—一介平民從藍色的地中海孤島科西嘉來到巴黎,赤手空拳、沒有朋友、沒有職業、沒有頭銜,他粗暴地抓住恰似一匹奔馬的權力,然後狠狠地硬拉,最後終於能隨心控制權力的男人—他的軍隊今天越過蒙‧雪尼,明天又橫穿雪拉‧內巴達(Sierra Nevada)山脈、過河朝德意志的方向前進。又或者冒雪逼近俄羅斯,或渡海面臨吉布拉魯它(Gibraltar),在那裡英艦隊將灼熱的砲彈紛紛投到燃燒的小艦隊上。就是這麼一個疾風怒濤的時代。或許年幼的巴爾札克白天在街頭與因和哥薩克騎兵作戰導致臉上留下刀傷的士兵們嬉戲,入夜被為了粉碎在阿斯帖魯利茲(Austerlitz)附近的俄羅斯騎兵而朝澳大利亞出動的砲車之轟隆聲頻頻驚醒。
  年幼的巴爾札克看見了偉大的世界之征服者。對年幼的小孩而言,看見世界的征服者就有了想成為其人的願望。
  不過,如果巴爾札克早生兩年,他也會加入拿破崙的軍隊,在英軍的子彈如急風呼嘯中,朝貝魯附近的高臺襲擊聯軍吧。
  歷史不喜歡重演。拿破崙時代的颱風掃過後,持續著微溫、柔弱、鬆懈的夏天。在路易十八世的支配下,軍刀變成裝飾用的木刀,兵士變成宮廷的佞臣,政治家變成巧言家,從柔弱的婦女手中獲得寵愛,公務蒙塵變得膚淺,各種轟動的事件如平靜的池水般寧靜。拿起武器,已經無法征服世界了。於是,只留下藝術。巴爾札克開始寫作。
  巴爾札克在十年間始終是個沒沒無聞的文學青年。一八二九年,三十一歲時發表︿梟黨﹀而一鳴驚人,於是受到文壇認可。
  從那時起,宛如五十部機關車一起出動,以驚人的「能源」和「速度」寫作,一個半月乃至兩個月間把自己關在家中。其間鐵葉門深鎖,放下窗簾,半夜起床,穿著道明修會僧侶的白色衣服,在四根蠟燭的照明中,咕嘟咕嘟大口喝下十幾杯濃咖啡,然後一口氣持續工作十二小時。由於工作過度,生命因此縮短成三分之二。
  巴爾札克從一八二七年到一八三六年為止都靠開出票據聊以維生。而且勉強靠高利貸或轉換票據才得以應付那些票據。巴爾札克想像有位度量大、喜歡文學的銀行家。「請儘管從我的保險櫃提取金錢來償還債務,請不用客氣。因為深信你的才能,我打算挽救一位偉人。」
  巴爾札克一個勁兒沈迷於幻想中,終於相信自己的幻想。在腦海中,自己是世界第一等人物、文藝協會的會員、代議員、甚至是大臣。忽然間夢想跌落到地上,狼狽到不是撲到桌旁,就是急忙趕去校對人員跟前,必須像樵夫或馬車的馬般工作。
  一八三二年,在瑞士的奴夏鐵魯(Neuchatel)與韓絲嘉夫人邂逅。夫人是波蘭的貴族,起初以「外國女人」的署名寫稱讚的信給巴爾札克。不久後,兩人透過報紙的廣告欄交換消息,自此魚雁往返十九年。其間寫的信就是《給外國女人的書簡》,總共大冊三卷。不過,十九年間兩人只見過兩、三次。
  一八五○年,韓絲嘉夫人的丈夫去世,因此他與巴爾札克結婚。一般解釋這段枯萎的婚姻,乃巴爾札克讓夫人還借款,夫人可憐他所致。
  巴爾札克新婚八個月,就已經不再是此塵世中人。亦即,兩人的悲劇始於新婚後第一次回到巴黎,看家的男佣人因發瘋不開入口的大門。一八五○年八月十七日,寫出有名的強‧巴魯強(Jean Valjean)之一生的《悲慘世界》(Les Miserables)作者雨果(Victor Hugo),目睹夫人不在枕邊的巴爾札克之臨終情景,其一生終告結束。悲哉!哀哉!
  工作最起勁中,因血管破裂而靜靜暴斃。恰似放蕩者為女人葬送一生,巴爾札克失敗在自己的偏執中。
  這就是偉大的《人間喜劇》作者、人類有始以來的大天才巴爾札克的一生。
  二、人間喜劇
  巴爾札克擁有一幅拿破崙的畫像。劍鞘刻了下面一段話。「彼(拿破崙)以劍無法完成的事,余以筆完成。」巴爾札克想以筆征服人類社會,而且也美夢成真。
  此時,恰如拿破崙再度要他的士兵們從澳大利亞各處朝汗地(Vendee)出發,渡海、向埃及、向羅馬,通過伯蘭登堡門,再朝向阿姆魯哈姆布拉山腹,戰勝、戰敗更迭的結局,就是被榴彈與荒原的雪打碎,也顧不得路旁倒斃的大半士兵,又被迫向莫斯科出發。巴爾札克讓政治家、貴族、官員、法律家、罪犯、金融業者、商工業者、勞動者、農民、思想家、學者、藝術家、僧侶、娼婦、歌姬等所有階級多達二千人登場,睥睨其心靈搖動於戲耍中,用風箱將即將消失的火吹煽,視人類如奴隸般,任意驅使片刻不令休憩,支配、蹂躪,不斷在其間壓成橋樑力的平行四邊形,每一個人的命運開向波浪環繞的山與谷的深淵,人們被從上往下拋、從下往上拋。列舉一例,積蓄幾百萬元、才智為帝國金融業者中一人的紐三強(小說中人物),一落到娼婦手中就變得痴呆;文壇當紅的詩人也像磨臼下的米粒般被磨碎,乃因好色而陷入破滅的地獄;玩弄奸智而登上社會地位之飛黃騰達者等。巴爾札克賦予形形色色的人物不可動搖的必然性與現實性,然後展開人類社會的莊嚴、深刻、悲慘、瘋狂、卑鄙、清純等諸相的人生大劇場。
  巴爾札克是人生的博物館。如泰恩(Taine)在結語所言:「人性是我們所有記錄的最大倉庫。」
  巴爾札克的《人間喜劇》就是如此完成的。
  在《人間喜劇》裏有意地「描寫十九世紀前半最完整、綜合的、立體的社會史與社會風俗。」
  如欲知十九世紀前半法蘭西的社會狀態,與其閱讀當時的歷史書、經濟書、政治論文、報告書,毋寧閱讀巴爾札克的《人間喜劇》,反而更加瞭解法蘭西的政治狀態、經濟狀態及人情風俗。
  《人間喜劇》是由九十六篇作品構成。雖因驟逝未竟完成,其驚人的龐大如下略表所示(括弧是主要作品)。
  《人間喜劇》:
   第一部、風俗的研究 
      A個人生活 〈女性研究〉、〈石榴住宅〉、〈三十歲的女
   人〉、〈高老頭〉、〈葛布塞克〉
      B地方生活 〈谷間的百合〉、〈歐琴妮‧葛蘭德〉、〈幻
   滅〉、〈尤爾修爾‧米爾耶〉
      C巴黎生活 〈貝特表妹〉、〈彭斯表哥〉、〈紐新根銀行〉
      D政治生活 〈現代史內幕〉、〈恐怖時代的一個小插曲〉、
   〈黑暗事件〉
      E軍隊生活 〈梟黨〉、〈沙漠的熱情〉
      F田園生活 〈村裡的司祭〉、〈鄉下醫師〉、〈農民〉
   第二部、哲學的研究 〈驢皮〉、〈被埋沒的傑作〉、〈絕對的探
   索〉、〈神秘的書〉
   第三部、分析的研究 〈婚姻生理學〉、〈夫婦生活之悲慘〉
  一八三三年,巴爾札克寫給韓絲嘉夫人的信中如此寫著,
  「——其中風俗的研究是描寫社會的結果。因此,不管是生活中的什麼境遇、男女的什麼性格、任何生活的方式、任何職業、任何社會階級、任何法蘭西村落、以及從少年期到壯年期、屬於老年期的任何事情、政治、司法、軍事、金融界的任何事情,我都要鉅細靡遺地網羅。能夠書寫完成後,將可一一追尋人類心靈的軌跡,詳細瞭解社會的歷史,因而得以奠定基礎。
  下一個階段就是哲學的研究。因為僅次於結果者乃原因。在風俗的研究中,我所描寫的是熱情與其行為、生命的欲求與其姿態。而在哲學的研究中,我打算查明熱情的極限,探究生命的奧秘。
  在原因與結果之後就是分析的研究。為什麼呢?因為有了結果與原因之後,接著就必須調查法則……。」
  如此看來,我們可以得知其中並非沒有炫耀才學之處,但以個人的工作來說,他可說是超人類的。
  對以文化人自居的人,尤其是想知道文學是何物的人,我建議不妨閱讀巴爾札克的小說。因為巴爾札克的小說正是屬於大人的小說。不過,巴爾札克的小說很冗長,而且極難讀懂,忍耐功夫必須相當夠。
  順便說一下巴爾札克的傑作,一般都指〈歐琴妮‧葛德蘭〉、〈貝特表妹〉、〈彭斯表哥〉、〈高老頭〉等。
  稍微敘述《人間喜劇》的特徵。
  首先,運用「人物重壘法」將《人間喜劇》中各自獨立的作品有機地結合。亦即,一個作品中的主角,一定會在其他幾個作品中再度登場。
  接著歸納一下評論家馬利波爾所說的話。「以嚴謹的意義來說,他的作品中完全沒有屬於個人的東西。所有的個人都有某種程度的差別,他營造生活,藉由被浸透的社會環境來做造型。金錢支配著社會的規律,然後,理解歷史進行的法則。在辯證法的發展中,徹底掌握此一運動。」接著,泰恩說:
  「他體會到金錢是近代生活的偉大原動力。因此,他計算作品中人物的財產,說明起源、增值與用途,比較收入與支出,將預算插入小說中,且蔚成習慣。此外,也展示各種投機、理財、收買、拍賣、契約、商業上的冒險、工業上的發明、以及投機商籌措資金等情形。而且描寫訟棍、見證人與銀行家。隨時隨地都插入民法與匯票。他甚至使實業看起來像一首詩。將可媲美古代英雄們爭鬥的壯烈戰爭,這回換成繞著遺產繼承與嫁粧的問題打轉,創造出相仿於士兵的法律家、以法典取代兵工廠。如此一來,在他的筆下累積了巨金。他所管理的財產膨脹,合併近鄰的財產,擴大成驚人的容積,然後溢出,呈現奢侈與權力的百態。讀者有種滑落到黃金海洋的感覺。」
  泰恩繼續說:
  「這個世界是什麼樣的世界?以什麼樣的力量在推動世界?在博物多學的巴爾札克眼中反映出熱情與利慾。」
  閱讀巴爾札克小說的人會發覺其小說中的主角個個都充滿著無比的熱情,甚至非常偏狂。而且大體上最後都走上破滅。列舉一例。
  傑作〈貝特表妹〉中出現的優羅男爵,雖然被相當美麗動人、嫻淑的妻子所熱愛,卻非常好色。例如「而且這些都是為了那個女人,欺騙我,當我不在時,把我當作傻瓜,說我是老糊塗的色貓。……放蕩的費用高過家人的生活費,不由得令人害怕起來。……唯獨這點我無能為力。……剛才才在內心發誓不管有什麼事也不去那個討人厭的猶太女人身邊。這會兒那個女人即使只寫隻字片語回信給我,就會不由得欣喜出門吧。」他就是這麼好色,被歌妓拋棄,迷戀美麗的蛇蠍婦人,為此把薪水作抵押,開出空頭支票,使妻子飢餓臥病在榻,兒子抱著龐大的匯票喘息不已,把善良的叔叔送去非洲殖民地剽竊軍隊的繳納物,叔叔因此入獄自刃身亡。儘管如此,如同「看完一本小說就丟棄」,優羅男爵頻頻更換對象,與女工同居,終於淪為售貨攤的代書,以錢和粗製點心買下一個愚蠢的十六歲少女。他的墮落逐漸呈白痴狀,化作一種機械式的肉體本能。到頭來,為一位在飯館工作、諾曼第出生、醜陋的胖女傭神魂顛倒。他說:「我老婆已不久於人世,你的心裡不妨把自己當作是男爵夫人。」可憐的病妻,聽到這段話就一命嗚呼了。
  總之,最後想附帶說一句話。雖然巴爾札克死後近百年,目前尚未出現水準接近《人間喜劇》的作家。
  現在的法蘭西變成如何了?想來答案有待時間來回答吧。
  不過,巴爾札克留下了文化財產吧。
  三、文章雋語摘錄
  ○巴爾札克相當有自信,十四歲時就已預告自己未來的名聲。而且相信自己是世界級的人物。
  ○年輕時期,在閣樓吃著寒酸的三餐時,邊咬著乾癟的麵包,靠著意志的暗示,在難以下嚥的麵包中,為了想品嚐奢侈、豐盛的菜餚之美味,他拿粉筆在餐桌上畫出盤子的形狀,然後正中寫上最喜歡的菜名。
  ○他的小說全部都有關連性,想到要完成《人間喜劇》的那天,他上氣不接下氣地趕到伯阿所尼耶魯街的妹妹家。以下是妹妹說的話。「他揮動紅瑪瑙把柄的粗竹杖,邊走邊做出軍樂隊指揮的身段。竹杖上以土耳古語刻著土耳古王的箴言『凡障礙余者,余必破壞』。在大致模仿完軍樂隊的伴奏與鼓聲後,他對我們說。『來!大家高高興興向我敬禮。因為我是個不可多得的天才。』」
  ○小說家拉瓦修因巴爾札克某日在美景當前時放屁,因而與之絕交。
  ○他想當議員,由於從馬車上跌落而無人投票給他。
  ○一八三二年,在瑞士的奴夏鐵魯與韓絲嘉夫人初次邂逅。一說夫人撲向巴爾札克。另有一說,夫人起初被巴爾札克的醜陋臉龐嚇到,後來為其才智折服。
  ○巴爾札克在自己設計的佳爾吉大建築中忘記安裝樓梯,後來從外側加上。大失敗!真是大失敗!